The heating system in a one-story house can be installed according to various schemes. When choosing the optimal option, the project budget and the availability of fuels are taken into account.
As well as the features of the structural elements of a private residential building: the area of the facility, the materials used in construction, the presence of a warehouse for the installation of boiler equipment.
Let's figure out what rules should be followed when designing a heating system, and what actions should be avoided in order to avoid heating problems in the future.
Requirements for individual heating
The heating unit must be planned so that it matches the architectural design of the building. The location of all functional elements should be as convenient as possible for operation and carrying out scheduled repairs without compromising the structural integrity of the house.
Basic requirements for modern heating systems:
- energy efficiency;
- easy installation and maintenance;
- high heat transfer rates;
- complete/partial independence from electricity.
Before you begin designing a heat supply, you need to select the most suitable and economical source of thermal energy - a stove or fireplace, water, steam, air or electric heating.
And we still have to decide on the basic piping diagram for heating a one-story private house, accurately calculate the power and objectively assess the load on the system, taking into account all the features.
An individual heating system must create a comfortable microclimate inside the house in the winter, be economical and reliable in operation
A properly installed heating distribution line makes it possible to organize uniform heating of the air in all rooms of a private house in a minimum amount of time.
Is it worth installing it yourself?
As can already be understood from all of the above, the Tichelman Loop heating has a fairly simple design. In any case, it will not be more difficult to assemble than a regular dead-end system. However, it is worth considering that the Tichelman loop is most often installed in very large houses. The assembly of heating systems in such buildings in itself has a lot of nuances. In addition, the calculation of communications for such an object should be made as accurate as possible. In this case, simply taking average values (10 kW boiler per 1 m2 of room, pipe diameters 26 and 16) will not work. It will be quite difficult to make correct calculations using tables and even using appropriate programs on your own. Therefore, it is still worth hiring specialists to design and install the Tichelman Loop system in a large house.
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Classification of heat supply systems
In one-story buildings, cottages, and houses, autonomous heating systems or those dependent on external power sources are installed. The former operate on liquefied gas, diesel, and solid fuel. The second ones require connection to the electrical network or main gas pipeline.
Another difference between heat supply options is the need for human participation in the operation of the equipment.
Automated systems do not require 24/7 monitoring or manual configuration. Maintaining a comfortable temperature inside the building is ensured by thermostats and temperature sensors.
These devices regularly monitor changes in temperature indicators, which allows the heating system to take into account all factors that directly affect the temperature in the room: solar heat, radiation from household electrical appliances, heating from lighting lamps, etc.
The heat supply system is often installed together with boiler automation. Its main task is to achieve the highest possible efficiency, but not go beyond acceptable parameters.
Automation makes it possible to change the temperature in the house at different times of the day.
When classifying heating systems, the following characteristics are taken into account:
- type of heat carrier - air, water or steam, combined;
- type of fuel used - gas, electric, peat, wood, pellet, coal;
- method of transporting working fluid - with natural and forced circulation;
- the course of movement of the coolant is associated and dead-end;
- method of connecting boiler equipment - single-pipe and two-pipe arrangement;
- wiring diagram - with a vertical or horizontal distribution line, upper or lower, combined.
In multi-apartment buildings, the vertical wiring pattern dominates, while in single-story buildings, a horizontal layout is found. Combined heat supply methods prevail in high-rise new buildings.
Local automatic temperature stabilization
Single-pipe adjustable radiator unit with a straight-through (a) or three-way (b) thermostatic valve on the top supply.
An adjustable radiator unit for vertical single-pipe heating can be made with a straight-through (Fig. a) or three-way (Fig. b) thermostatic valve (thermostat). The piping unit branches the coolant into two flows: through the device and through the bypass. The diameters of the thermostat valve plunger and the opening for the passage of liquid are made to the maximum. The thermostat does not clog when the coolant is contaminated and ensures its free flow (when fully open). Unauthorized replacement of the radiator, accompanied by removal of the thermostat, does not lead to imbalance of the entire heating system, as in the two-pipe version.
If the room air temperature exceeds the set one, the valve will close (go to minimum mode), directing the liquid through the bypass past the radiator. Closing (minimum opening) the valves of all thermostats of a given riser increases the proportion of coolant passing through the bypasses from 80% to 90%, while simultaneously reducing the flow through the radiators, i.e. without changing the total flow rate.
Features of coolant circulation
In private low-rise buildings, it is effective to install heating systems with liquid coolant. To do this, the pipes are filled with antifreeze or water.
The movement of the working fluid along the heating circuit can be carried out in natural or forced mode. The water heated by the heat generator enters the distribution pipeline, and then to the radiators. This part of the contour is called the forward stroke.
After entering the batteries, the coolant liquid cools down and is quickly sent to the boiler for heating. This interval is called the return stroke. To speed up the transportation of coolant, a circulation pump is installed inside the system.
Natural fluid movement
In the heating circuit, horizontal pipelines are sloped, thereby creating conditions for the movement of working fluid under the influence of gravity.
An open expansion tank is also installed - a special tank for receiving excess water to ensure proper and safe operation of all components of the utility network.
Water systems fully work with liquid fuel, solid fuel, gas and electric boilers
Heating systems operate with natural circulation due to the different densities of heated and cold coolant. According to the laws of physics, hot water rushes upward.
In a closed circuit, cold flows inevitably displace heated ones, forcing them to move in the opposite direction from the heat source. A moving fluid with kinetic energy potential passes through all batteries, giving off heat. After returning to the boiler equipment, the cycle repeats.
Today, single-pipe heating systems with water radiators are very popular among consumers. The coolant is water, but it is also possible to use a non-freezing working fluid, which will prevent the destruction of pipes in the winter season
In order for the gravity-flow design to function fully, the boiler is installed below the central axis of the main circuit. Usually the heat generator is mounted in a recess in the floor, but sometimes in basements, with the exception of gas units.
The supply pipeline from the boiler is raised vertically to the highest possible point. This creates additional space in a closed loop for acceleration of the working fluid.
The number of necessary shut-off valves in gravity heating systems is reduced to a minimum. Strict requirements are imposed on the diameter of the installed pipes - it must be at least 32 mm. Since the speed of water movement in the circuit is insignificant, in order to increase the heating efficiency, only large-diameter pipes are installed.
An expansion tank is installed at the top point of open heating systems. In closed ones, as a rule, an automatic air vent is installed
An autonomous heating system, the operating principle of which is based on the natural circulation of the coolant fluid, is the simplest. Such a home heating project is easy to implement in practice. However, this option is only suitable for small private buildings, since the length of the heating circuit is limited to 30 meters.
The main advantage of gravity systems is complete independence from electricity. Read more about heating systems with natural coolant circulation below.
Forced circulation in the system
For private buildings with a total area of more than 60 square meters. m. they design heating with forced transportation of working fluid. A circulation pump is installed in a closed loop to ensure accelerated movement of the hot coolant to the radiators, and the cooled coolant to the heat generator.
Installation of pipes in the system can be carried out without a slope in the horizontal plane. Water moves due to the difference in pressure that occurs in the section of the line between the forward and reverse flow of the liquid.
The presence of a pumping device significantly increases the efficiency of the heating system and minimizes the fuel consumption required to maintain a comfortable room temperature in a private home
A significant drawback of a coercive system is its energy dependence. For constant circulation of water in the circuit, continuous operation of the pump is necessary, and its performance directly depends on the power supply.
In the event of a sudden power outage, the equipment simply will not be able to pump liquid. Therefore, experts recommend additionally installing backup generators that can provide stable, uninterrupted heat supply even in unforeseen situations.
Such schemes can be used when installing heating in buildings of any size. You just need to select a circulation pump with suitable power ratings and provide power supply.
Principle of operation
To better understand the operating principle of this system, it is worth first understanding how the SO EC functions. This issue has been discussed in detail here. By integrating a circulation pump into such a system, it is possible to eliminate most of the shortcomings and achieve uniform distribution of hot coolant throughout all heating devices, thereby increasing the efficiency of the CO and reducing the fuel consumption required by the boiler to maintain the specified temperature parameters.
Single-pipe heating system
Only one main line is installed in the house, under or above the floor, with batteries connected in series. In such a heating circuit there is no distribution between the supply pipe and the return pipe.
Along the perimeter of a one-story building, only one round pipe with a diameter of at least 32 mm is installed, which is conventionally divided in half. The half leaving the heat generator is called the supply, and the second part of the line is called the return. Radiators/convectors are mounted into the loop using a welded or seamless pipe of small diameter.
Organizing a heating system with natural circulation involves installing a supply pipeline with a slope of 4-5 mm every 2 m
The single-pipe circuit includes the following functional elements:
- heat supply source (boiler);
- heating radiators;
- expansion tank;
- pipe routing elements.
The heated liquid flows alternately into the heating radiators, each time giving off part of its heat. After this, it is already cooled and returned to the boiler for the next heating cycle. Each battery loses heat and the last element in the chain remains the coldest in comparison with the others.
There are several ways to optimize the operation of a single-pipe system. You can additionally install special thermostatic valves for heat exchangers, balancing valves with adjustable hydraulic resistance or compact ball valves. Such equipment helps normalize the heat supply to the batteries.
Installed valves make it possible to regulate the amount of heat entering each individual radiator
Another way is to increase the number of sections of each subsequent radiator in the heating circuit. You can also install a circulation pump. The pumping device is connected at the end of the return line - the place where the working fluid has the lowest temperature.
The single-pipe heating option is easy to install and put into operation. Heat loss is minimized, since absolutely all communications are located inside the living rooms of a private house.
Such a scheme can be organized in the form of a system with horizontal wiring and forced movement of the coolant or a vertical heating network with natural, forced or combined movement of the working fluid.
We also recommend reading our other material, where we examined in detail a single-pipe heating system for a private home.
Horizontal wiring method
Installation of the supply pipe in a horizontal plane is carried out with the required slope in the direction of movement of the heated water. In this case, all batteries around the perimeter of the house must be installed at the same level. To bleed air from radiators, Mayevsky taps or automatic air vent devices are used.
The Mayevsky tap is a special device for removing accumulated air from batteries. The shut-off valve is turned until a hissing sound is clearly audible. When the mixture of gases is removed, water will flow from the tap.
The horizontal line can be installed in the floor structure itself or mounted above it. To avoid heat loss, in the first case it is necessary to insulate the pipes.
Vertical wiring option
In such a system, the transportation of the coolant liquid is ensured by a natural circulation mode, and therefore there is no need to install an additional pump. Energy independence is the main advantage of a single-pipe vertical home heating system.
With this method of wiring, the working fluid, heated to a given temperature, moves up the riser, after which it enters the batteries through distribution pipes. The operating efficiency of a vertically located single-pipe system is achieved by installing the main line at a slope, as well as by installing large-diameter pipes.
Of course, a massive pipeline will not decorate the interior of living rooms. But this obvious drawback can be avoided by installing circulation equipment in the system.
Comparison by installation price
Supporters of single-pipe heating networks like to remind people of the low cost of this type of wiring. The reduction in costs compared to a two-pipe scheme is justified by half the number of pipes. We claim the following: “Leningradka” will cost less than a dead-end system in one case - if you solder the heating from polypropylene.
Let's prove our statement with calculations - let's take as an example a one-story dwelling measuring 10 x 10 m = 100 m² (in plan). Let's put the "Leningrad" layout on the drawing, count the fittings with pipes, then make a similar estimate for the dead-end wiring.
A common return manifold running through the corridor allows the ring line to remain small in diameter. If it is removed, the cross-section of the pipes will increase to Ø25 mm (internal)
So, to install one-pipe heating you will need:
- pipe DN20 to the collector (outside Ø25 mm) – 40 m;
- tr. DN25 Ø32 mm for return – 10 m;
- tr. DN10 Ø16 mm for connections – 8 m;
- tee 25 x 25 x 16 (outer size) – 16 pieces;
- tee 25 x 25 x 20 – 1 pc.
Reference. There is no need to make a return jumper along the corridor. Then for 9 radiators it will be necessary to increase the cross-section of the ring main to the size of DN25 (outer - 32 mm).
Based on the following layout, we will find out the need for pipes and fittings for a two-pipe network:
- tr. DN15 Ø20 mm – 68 meters (mains);
- tr. DN10 Ø16 mm – 22 m (radiator connections);
- tee 20 x 20 x 16 mm – 16 pcs.
Now we will find current prices for plumbing fittings and pipes made of 3 materials: reinforced polypropylene PP-R, metal-plastic PEX-AL-PEX and cross-linked polyethylene PEX from well-known manufacturers. Let's put the calculation results in the table:
Note. We do not take into account the cost of batteries, radiator taps and installation of a single-pipe “Leningrad” - let’s assume that you assemble the system with your own hands. The cost is determined in Russian rubles, but this fact does not play a special role; the price ratio will remain the same for any country.
As you can see, the costs for polypropylene tees and pipes are almost the same for both schemes - the shoulder scheme turned out to be only 330 rubles more expensive. For other materials, two-pipe wiring definitely wins. The reason lies in the diameters - the prices of larger cross-section pipes increase sharply compared to the “running” sizes of 16 and 20 mm.
You can take cheaper plumbing fixtures from other manufacturers and perform the calculation - the ratio is unlikely to change. Note that we skipped the 90° elbows for pipe turns and other small items, since we do not know the exact quantity. If you carefully calculate all the materials, the cost of the Leningradka will increase even more. An expert demonstrating calculations on video came to similar conclusions:
Two-pipe heating system
The main difference between a two-pipe house heating scheme is the presence of one pipe for supplying water and another for returning it. Moreover, the first one receives hot liquid, while the second one sends the already cooled coolant to the boiler.
Each battery is served by both a supply and a return riser. This makes it possible to regulate the amount of heat received by individual radiators. If we do not take into account the cooling of the coolant in the pipes, it turns out that all heating elements receive liquid at the same temperature.
This is what a standard two-pipe heating system looks like, in which heating of the liquid coolant is provided by a double-circuit gas boiler
The two-pipe heating circuit includes:
- heat generator;
- batteries;
- expansion tank;
- pipes;
- shut-off valves and special devices for air release.
A pipe with hot water runs from the boiler to the expansion tank. Then it is connected to the distribution line in the heating circuit. In addition, an overflow pipe is cut into the tank to promptly drain excess coolant into the sewer system.
Pipes emerge from the bottom of the heat exchangers, combined into one return line. Through it, the cooled coolant returns back to the boiler. The return pipeline is laid strictly parallel to the upper pipes. It must pass through all rooms where the hot water supply line is installed.
Two-pipe forced systems are considered the most efficient for one-story houses and cottages, but they can also provide heat for two-story large buildings.
And these allow you to evenly and very quickly warm up the room and maintain different temperature conditions in the rooms. In addition, dual-circuit design makes it possible to organize not only heating of the house, but also hot water supply.
The circulation pressure in a two-pipe system directly depends on the installation height of the heating elements
Closed heating systems with forced circulation are installed in two versions - with horizontal and vertical wiring.
The first method is implemented in one-story houses with a long pipeline. In such situations, connecting water radiators to a heating circuit with horizontal wiring is the optimal solution.
With the second wiring option, the riser is located vertically, which makes it possible to use the scheme even in multi-story buildings. In such systems, air does not accumulate, since the resulting bubbles instantly rise in a vertical direction, directly into the expansion tank.
Where is the best place to locate the boiler room?
A heating boiler, even if all required safety rules are observed, is a source of increased fire hazard. Therefore, you should approach the choice of the place where it will be installed very responsibly and seriously. It is necessary to consider not only the cost of placement and operational safety, but also ease of use. Based on this, there are three main ways to locate a boiler room.
The first is out-of-home placement. It should be said right away that this method is as expensive as it is safe.
But keep in mind that you will have to develop a separate drawing, pour an additional foundation, think about installing external utility networks and their thermal insulation.
You will have to spend a lot of money and time. And the ease of use is significantly reduced. Secondly, if the designs of houses with a boiler room were initially developed taking into account the installation of the necessary equipment, then the heating boiler can be located on the ground floor or even in the basement. Most people prefer to place it in the basement. Then you won’t have to allocate 15-16 square meters of usable space on the ground floor, which means that the freed up space can be used to greater advantage.
To install a diesel boiler or solid fuel boiler, it is necessary to provide a separate room: when coal, wood, peat or diesel fuel is burned, a large amount of smoke is released, which can cause certain problems for the inhabitants of the house. Well, even the most economical owner can allocate 15 square meters when building luxurious two-story houses with a boiler room.
two-story house
If you prefer an electric heating boiler or a not too powerful (no more than 30 kW) gas boiler, then you can install the equipment in the kitchen. Modern equipment is small in size, so it is not noticeable and does not take up extra space. If desired, you can even choose special wall-mounted boilers that take up virtually no useful space in the room.
Of course, the kitchen must have high-quality ventilation, and simply monitoring the condition of the equipment will never be superfluous.
And finally, an option that allows you to combine the advantages of the two described above and at the same time, partially get rid of their disadvantages. When designing wooden houses with a boiler room, you need to provide a small extension in advance.
wooden house
A foundation is also poured under it, which is part of the main foundation. In most cases, extensions are made from lightweight materials (frame construction), which allows you to save a considerable amount during construction. This simplifies the organization of high-quality ventilation. As a result, you get a boiler room, which is located in close proximity to the house. Thanks to this, you will not have to spend extra money on laying the pipeline.
At any time you can enter the extension both from the side of the house and from the street: in most cases, extensions are equipped with two doors. If a gas leak (carbon monoxide or explosive) occurs, the risk of serious damage to the main building is minimized. Therefore, an extension to the house dedicated to the boiler room can be called the optimal solution.
Lower and upper wiring diagram
When distributing the system at the bottom, the main line is laid in the basement or basement. It is also possible to install pipes under the floor. The coolant enters the heating equipment from the bottom up.
The mixture of gases is removed through a special air line connected to the risers. In case of unforeseen emergency situations, the return and supply risers are equipped with special shut-off valves.
To implement a scheme with an upper distribution line, the expansion tank is mounted at the highest point of the pipeline. The network is branched in the same place.
It is impossible to design overhead wiring in private houses where there is no attic
Balancing
The point of this operation is to balance all branches of the system and regulate the water flow in each of them. To do this, each branch must be correctly connected to the mains, that is, special balancing valves must be installed on the tie-in. Also, control taps or thermostatic valves are installed on the connections to all radiators.
It is not so easy to carry out accurate balancing with your own hands; you need to have the appropriate instruments (at least a pressure gauge to measure the pressure drop across the balance valve) and perform calculations for pressure losses. If there is none of this, then after testing you need to fill the system, bleed the air and turn on the boiler. Next, balancing of the two-pipe system is done by touch, according to the degree of heating of all batteries. Devices located next to the heat generator must be “pressed” so that more heat goes to those further away. The same goes for entire branches of the system.
Types of two-pipe horizontal layout system
The most common option for heating a single-story residential building is a two-pipe heating system with horizontal wiring.
To organize such a heating circuit, the following schemes are used:
- tee or otherwise perimeter;
- collector, otherwise radial.
According to the tee scheme, the pipes are connected by tees, the pipelines are laid around the perimeter of the room, and connected in series to the devices. The coolant in the perimeter system flows from one battery to another, cooling somewhat along the way.
Based on the movement of the heated and cooled coolant, tee options are divided into associated and counter. In a dead-end circuit, hot and cooled water move in different directions. In the associated heated and waste coolant flows in one direction.
In the collector circuit, pipes are led from the central organ of the system, the collector, to each of the radiators, due to which the coolant flows to all devices simultaneously.
The principle of the device resembles the sun's rays emanating from a heat flow distributor usually located in the center. In radial types of wiring, the coolant moves only in different directions.
Rules for drafting a heating system
A well-designed project allows you to launch the most efficient and multifunctional heat supply system.
It must operate smoothly in the climatic conditions characteristic of the specific area where the one-story house is located, and be easy to operate.
Based on the results of the energy audit, calculation of savings and annual heating costs, the optimal option for the home heating system is selected
Drawing up a high-quality project for heating a one-story house and accurately calculating the system parameters are carried out according to a specific plan:
- At the first stage, it is necessary to formulate a technical task taking into account all the requirements and details for the heating system.
- The second step is collecting information on a private property. Specialists must take all the indicators to draw up a diagram of the heating circuit.
- The next stage is the calculation of thermal transfer. To do this, you need to carry out calculations and select the optimal heating scheme that will meet basic building standards and the individual requirements of the customer.
- When all calculations are completed, drawings are made.
- The last stage is the design and delivery of the finished heating system project to the customer.
The main design task is to calculate the correct area of heating equipment and select suitable pipeline diameters. And also determine the performance of pumping devices, calculate the insertion points of valves and system components. Therefore, it is advisable to entrust the process to professionals.
If you really want to carry out the calculations yourself, we recommend reading the material where we used an example to calculate a heating system for a private house.
What information do craftsmen need?
Before installation work begins, you should discuss all the nuances with specialists and show your vision of the heating system.
Masters must provide:
- complete information about the materials from which the building’s roof, wall coverings, and window structures are made;
- one-story house plan;
- drawings where the locations of plumbing units are marked.
The service life of a heat supply system is influenced not only by the quality of engineering design and skillful installation, but also by the selected materials, installed boiler equipment, as well as the rational use of heating elements.
