Do-it-yourself brick stove for a summer cottage: 10 masonry rules + photos

Today there are many options for heating a dacha: centralized gas, boilers, electric heaters.

Stove for a summer residence

But if it is not possible to implement all this due to the area’s remoteness from civilization, a do-it-yourself brick stove for a summer cottage will be an excellent solution.

Reliable and durable - it will gather around itself more than one generation of household members, providing the house with warmth and filling it with comfort.

The services of a good stove maker are not a cheap pleasure. Therefore, if you decide to implement a brick stove project at your dacha, it will be useful for you to read this article, in which we will tell you about the operating principle, features and layout of the stove structure.

A brick stove can become not only a functional device, but also the main highlight of the interior if it is used correctly. Today there are many ways to beautifully veneer and decorate a stone stove.

Types of furnace designs

No matter how much time has passed since the appearance of the first stove designs and no matter how far home heating technologies have come, the stone stove still does not lose its relevance. Compared to other types of heating (electricity, gas), it is more economical. At the same time, thick stone walls allow you to retain heat for another day after the firewood burns out.

According to their purpose, furnaces are divided into the following types:

heating;
cooking;
multifunctional;
combined.

The heating design is perhaps the simplest and most common. As the name implies, the function of such a stove is aimed only at heating.
Oven with hob
Basically, such a stove is chosen for dachas where there is electricity and a stove is used for cooking. Or home owners want to create a special country coziness with the help of a fireplace stove. The design of such a furnace consists of:

combustion chamber, which is purchased ready-made or lined with fireclay bricks;
an ash pit where ashes are collected;
chimney.

This type of design also includes a fireplace with an open or closed firebox. It is used not only for decorative purposes, but also allows you to effectively heat a room of 15-20 square meters. meters.

Depending on the selected material, wall thickness, masonry scheme, heating stoves may have different heat output.

The most popular type of stove is the one-brick design. This allows the walls to be heated up to 600C. The famous Dutch ovens are laid out according to this pattern.

In terms of dimensions, the heating stove can be wide and flat, or it can have an elongated rectangular shape. It all depends on the area of the room, the style of the interior and the personal preferences of the owners.

For cladding such a stove, tiles, decorative plaster, and decorative stone are usually used.

Brick heating stoves in the form of a three-sided prism look very stylish and original, but a beginner cannot implement this option, since it requires a lot of experience. The greatest difficulty is in cutting bricks and the requirements for maintaining an angle strictly at 600.

Round stoves, which are laid out according to the design of the famous Russian furnace engineer V.E. Grum-Grizhimailo, also look beautiful and unusual. The furnace operates on the principle of free movement of gases. To ensure tightness, the outside of the structure is covered with sheet metal. Such a stove can heat a large country mansion and will become a real decoration for any home.

Cooking stove. It is advisable to choose this option for a dacha where the owners visit only in the summer. In this case, heating the house is not needed, and if you equip the structure with an additional water tank, it will serve not only for cooking, but will also create comfortable living conditions.
Cooking oven
Often this option is installed in country cottages where gas and electric heating are provided, but in order to save resources, owners sometimes use a brick oven.
Read also: How to fold a stove with your own hands. Vintage manual

The design of the stove consists of a brick body, inside of which there is a combustion chamber, an ash pan, and a chimney. There is a metal plate on top (an oven can be built in).

A heating and cooking stove is already a multifunctional design.

This is a more difficult project to implement, as it consists of:

combustion chamber;
chimney;
ash pan;
hob;
oven.

The stove looks massive and is usually chosen for dachas where there is no other heating option.

In our country, heating and cooking stoves are the most popular, allowing you to heat the house and prepare a delicious dinner for the whole family.

It can be additionally equipped with a drying chamber, where you can make preparations for the summer: mushrooms, berries, fruits. In cold and damp weather, you can quickly and safely dry clothes and shoes in this chamber.

Oven with drying chamber

By the way, ovens with drying chambers were first invented in the countries of Northern Scandinavia, where hunters and fishermen needed to dry clothes and boots in one night.

Many schemes of heating and cooking stoves have additional devices in the form of a comfortable bench, drying for firewood, an oven, and a water-heating tank.

Preparatory activities

Before starting construction, it is necessary to go through the preparatory stage. It is worth taking it seriously - the more scrupulous the approach, the better the result. Making a brick stove with your own hands from scratch is a very real task.

Preparation for construction occurs in several stages.

Buy building materials.
Determine the location of the building in a residential building.
Pouring the foundation.
Prepare a solution for working with bricks.

These are the basic preparation steps before building a brick kiln.

Required materials and tools

To make a brick stove with your own hands, you need to select high-quality materials. To build the structure you need to take:

brick. Individual quantity calculations are carried out for each project; doors: for the blower and firebox; clay for mortar; lattice; soot cleaner; flap; grates; valve; cast iron hob.

It is forbidden to use sand-lime bricks to build a furnace - even the double variety is not suitable.

Refractory bricks are optimal for furnaces; ceramic bricks are rarely used.

The basis for the solution will be clay. Red is suitable for red brick, fireclay - for fireclay. There are also special mixtures for sale for the construction of stoves; to work with the solution, it is enough to prepare it as written in the instructions.

To build a furnace, take the following tools:

putty knife;
Master OK;
tape measure;
plumb line;
mop broom;
level for construction;
knitting wire;
containers for preparing cement and clay mortar;
grinder;
metal strips and corners;
bushhammer.

The foundation under the structure must be strong and reliable. To do this, you need to prepare a stable foundation. The following materials and tools will be useful:

sand;
crushed stone;
reinforcing mesh;
cement;
boards and nails;
waterproofing material.

If external wall finishing work is planned, then you need to buy material for this.

Features of choosing a place to install a heating device

Usually the location of the furnace is designated even before the construction of the house in the project. This is necessary in order to install heating equipment in a place from where warm air currents will be evenly distributed throughout the rooms. The foundation for the stove must be separate from the general foundation of the house. The distance between their walls must be at least 150 mm.

Failure to comply with the rules regarding foundation construction will lead to deformation of nearby walls.

A properly installed stove should heat several rooms located across the wall at once. If there are several rooms in the house, it is worth installing the grub at the crossroads of the walls. Since the foundations must be separate, it is better to make the internal walls light.

There are cases when the stove is installed next to the front door. This is how a thermal curtain is made to protect rooms from the penetration of cold air masses.

It is better not to place the edges of the stove close to the walls of the house. This is due to the fact that it is necessary to ensure full access to the rough. Owners are advised to regularly inspect heating equipment to comply with safety regulations. If the stove is part of the wall of a residential building, then a layer of heat insulation is laid between it and the end part of the partition.

If the stove is installed in a built room, then it is necessary to ensure that the chimney is not located too close to the beams. The distance is more than 15 cm, taking into account the thermal insulation gasket.

The area in front of the firebox is covered with fireproof material. Typically, metal sheets or ceramic tiles are chosen.

Construction of the foundation

In order for the stove to operate safely and efficiently, the foundation must be properly equipped. It must be separate from the common house.

Before starting to construct and lay the foundation, you should pay attention to the fact that the distance of the chimney from the roof slab should be more than 15 cm. Markings are applied where the grout will be located.

If the house has wooden floors, they are cut out at the location of the stove. 15 cm retreat from the outer edge. A pit is dug in the resulting hole. Its depth depends on the climatic conditions of the region and the degree of soil freezing, usually 0.7 - 0.8 m is sufficient.

15 cm of sand is gradually poured into the bottom of the hole. It needs to be watered to compact it. Crushed stone is poured on top in a layer of up to 15 cm. It is compacted tightly and evenly. Wooden pegs are driven into the corners of the resulting pit, and cladding boards are attached to them. The walls are covered with a polyethylene wall to prevent cement mortar from seeping into it.

A reinforcing mesh is installed 5-10 cm from the floor. It is placed on metal rods or broken bricks nailed to the bottom.

Concrete is prepared to pour the foundation. To do this, mix cement (M-400), sand and crushed stone in a ratio of 1:3:4. Pour in a small amount of water: the consistency should be medium fluid. If you overdo it, the base will turn out to be fragile and will begin to quickly collapse under the load of rough material.

The prepared mixture is filled into the formwork and leveled using the rule. After a few hours, when the composition “sets”, it needs to be covered with film. The prepared site for the structure is left for several weeks until the solution dries.

The upper base of the stove should be located 15-20 cm below floor level.

Preparation of the solution

For laying stoves in a private home, clay and sand mortars are used. Kaolin and fireclay marl are suitable for fireclay. For ceramic bricks, use ground gray and blue Cambrian clay with fire-resistant characteristics.

For 100 bricks you will need about 40 kg of clay.

Before preparing the solution, the clay is checked for fat content. This is necessary in order to determine in what proportion it should be mixed with sand.

To test, 1 kg of clay powder is filled with water to the top edge and left for 24 hours. If marl is used in construction, it only needs to stand for 2 hours. After souring, the clay is diluted with water; the consistency should resemble thick dough.

The resulting wet clay is divided into 5 equal parts. Sand is added to each in different percentages: 10%, 30%, 50%, 70%, 100%. After this, the resulting composition is dried for 4 hours. From each mass, roll small sausages (diameter - 1.5 cm, length - 30 cm), roll them into a circle.

If there are no cracks in the mortar, it is suitable for any construction.
There is a dry crust and minimal damage - it can be used.
The cracks are about 1 mm deep - suitable only for low-power heating equipment.
If there are kinks or deep damage, the solution must not be used.

The solution can be prepared using an identical algorithm.

Pour the required amount of clay with water for a day.
Knead it to the consistency of dough, sift through a 3x3 mm sieve - this will remove lumps.
Add sand in the proportion that testing has shown to be optimal.
Pour in water and stir until the consistency resembles thick sour cream.

If the fat content is not enough, you need to add sand or clay. It is checked with a trowel - the trowel is soaked in the solution and the result is assessed. With a normal ratio of components, 1-2 mm of the composition will stick, no more and no less.

Construction of a stove for a summer residence and its features

The main elements of any brick stove for a summer residence are:

Foundation. For any stove it is necessary to build a separate foundation, not connected to the main foundation of the house.
The foundation is built separately
Furnace body. Consists of a combustion chamber and a chimney. If the stove design requires additional elements, then it may include a hob, oven, and water heating tank.
Combustion chamber. The dimensions of the firebox depend on the area of the room and the required power. If the stove is planned to be heated with wood, then the height of the firebox must be at least 40 cm. The thickness of the firebox must be at least 1/2 of a brick. The firebox can be made of fireclay (heat-resistant) bricks or purchased in ready-made cast iron.
Ash pit (ash chamber). This element of the furnace is designed to collect products during fuel combustion. Oxygen is also taken in through the ash pan, which is necessary for the combustion process.
Ash pan
The ash pan is located below the combustion chamber and is always equipped with a metal door through which cleaning takes place. A grate is laid between the ash pan and the combustion chamber. Typically, the ash chamber is 3 bricks high.
Chimney. The main element of the furnace through which combustion products are removed. The chimney can be made of brick or made of steel pipes. This does not affect functionality or efficiency in any way. The chimney is discharged from the stove either directly through the roof or through the wall to the street. When constructing a chimney, you must avoid multiple branches and horizontal sections, as this negatively affects draft and can reduce the efficiency of heating the room.

Selection of bricks and heating elements

For the construction of passages and heated elements of the furnace, refractory bricks are used. Ordinary brick is used to furnish parts that are not exposed to high temperatures. The dimensions of any type of brick are 250 mm in length, 120 in width and 65 in height. If necessary, brick blocks are broken.

Thus, a distinction is made between a three-quarter brick, the length of which is 3/4 of the whole, and a half-brick - with a length cut in half. Very small pieces of brick, equal to 1/4 of the whole, are called quarter bricks. The cutting of the material is carried out using a sharp steel knife and a squeegee - cutting a metal pipe. To build a furnace, you will also need metal elements, including:

a door for the firebox, a door for the blower and a door for cleaning passages;
view valve;
grate

All listed details must be comparable to the dimensions of the brick blocks. The stove is waterproofed using roofing felt. The length of the sheets of this material depends on the dimensions of the structure. This factor determines the number of bricks. Typically, the amount of building materials needed is indicated in the project documentation or calculated individually. Knowing the number of rows, the size of the brick and the dimensions of the oven, this is done simply.

Which brick stove to choose for your dacha?

The choice of stove design determines the size and type of room. Large cottages will require a massive stove structure with thick walls, which will take a long time to heat up, but at the same time be able to maintain the temperature for a long time. Building such a stove is not an easy task. This will require some experience and knowledge.

But even a beginner can handle a small stove for heating a small dacha if you strictly follow the diagram and do not change the laying rules.

small ovens

The first place in the popularity of heating and cooking stoves is worthily taken by the Swede, which enjoys well-deserved love and respect among Russian stove makers.

This design is a compact, ergonomic shape with a small cooking surface and a three-channel chamber. It is ideal for a small cottage, the length ranges from 880 to 1250 mm.

For the location of such a stove, the place most often chosen is between the kitchen and the living room. Thus, the stove performs a double function: it serves for cooking and decorates the living room with a fireplace.

Today you can find hundreds of different layouts for laying a Swedish stove with a hob on the Internet, so it won’t be difficult to implement it for your dacha. Many stove makers have added additional options to the standard masonry scheme, so each design is called by the name of its creator: the Buslaev, Kuznetsov stove, etc. But the principle of operation in them is the same.

Traditionally, a Russian stove can be called a bulky, massive structure, which is decorated not only with a hob with an oven, but also with a spacious bench.

Stove with bench

This stove is not only a functional device for cooking, but also a place for relaxation. It allows you to warm up the room well, retaining heat for a long time, and has a beneficial effect on the human body, thanks to which the owners of such stoves are less susceptible to colds.

The building usually has two fireboxes (main and additional). Thanks to the special design of the oven, heating is carried out evenly, from bottom to top. Any solid fuel is suitable for kindling, and there are no particularly strict requirements for the materials for laying a Russian stove.

A special place among small heating and cooking stoves is occupied by the little V.A. Potapova, created by a famous engineer at the beginning of the 20th century. To lay it, you need only 211 bricks, and the dimensions of the stove are only 630 * 510 mm.

Moreover, this little thing contains a single-burner stove, a small oven for baking and a hood. This type of stove would be an excellent solution for a small garden house or one-room cottage.

In this article, we invite you to study the rules and main points of laying a small heating and cooking stove.

Cooking oven order

Problems when building a mini-oven with your own hands

Amateur stove makers, due to inexperience, make mistakes, which then lead to problems. Let's look at the most common cases:

Laying stoves with deviations from the design. As a result, there is no normal draft in the smoke ducts, and the walls heat up unevenly. The solution to the problem will be to disassemble the stove and lay it according to proven schemes.
Laying stoves “by eye”, without using a level, frame, plumb lines, or rules. The device warps, the center of gravity shifts, and during operation the device collapses faster.
Incorrect preparation of the solution. The masonry is cracking and crumbling. A temporary solution to the problem is to purchase a factory-made mixture and seal the cracks with a new solution. If the masonry cracks constantly and deeply, the stove will have to be moved.
Firebox of a freshly built and wet device. This will lead to cracking of the masonry, which will need to be covered with mortar.

Exterior design

After a simple stove has been assembled with your own hands, its external design is carried out. If the masonry is done carefully, additional finishing is usually not carried out. To do this, it is important to embroider the brick seams efficiently and beautifully, for which special tools are used. In some cases, plaster of stove walls can be used if the interior of the room requires it. For these purposes, the same material is used as for laying bricks (it is recommended to give preference to industrially prepared clay mixtures).

Rules for laying the furnace vaults of an outdoor stove

When laying furnace vaults, it is necessary to block the combustion openings, fireboxes, and chambers using simple and complex shaped lintels. The ceiling in a wall is called an arch or arched lintel, and the ceiling between the walls is called a vault.

To cover large spans, an arched ceiling is used.

Vaults can be steep, flat or gentle. The semicircular arch is equal to half a circle. A gentle vault is less steep. The three-center arch is even flatter; thanks to its design, heating occurs evenly over the entire surface. This is important when baking pies. The number of bricks in the arch and rows in the vault should be odd. The middle odd brick is called a castle brick. The bricks on which the lintel or arch rests are called heels. To give them the desired shape, such bricks have to be trimmed. The space covered by any jumper is called a span. The lifting height of a vault or arch is the lifting boom.

The construction of any lintel must begin with the laying of bricks on which it will rest. They should be hewn out according to a template. Since the height of the arch or vault can be different, the angle of the heel changes. You cannot use one heel shape for all arches and vaults.

The laying of the furnace firebox begins with the preparation of circles and foot templates; for this, on a sheet of paper, cardboard or plywood, it is necessary to draw a vault of the desired shape so that an odd number of rows of masonry can fit in it.

You can easily and quickly build a vault on two boards. An axis should be drawn in the middle of the narrow board so that it intersects the wide board. At a distance of 3-5 cm from the bottom edge of the wide board, you need to draw a straight line A-B, marking the width of the firebox on it. The axis should run in the middle of the firebox, between points B and D. On the axis from line A-B, the height of the arch lifting boom should be measured upward. The resulting point can be designated by the letter D. After this, you need to select the center O in such a way that the circle passing from it, forming the arch, runs through points B, D and the upper point of the arch lifting arrow.

The rules for laying a furnace recommend using formwork for the arch, which is laid on prepared circles.

After installing and securing the formwork, a nail should be driven into the central point O, from which the circle was drawn, and strong twine should be attached to it, which is necessary for checking the rows of the vault and marking the bricks to be laid. The brick for laying the vaults must be hewn, giving it a wedge-shaped shape.

In this case, the seams have the same thickness. When using regular brick, the seams will be thinner at the bottom and thicker at the top. They must be completely filled with solution.

The heels should be trimmed and laid very carefully, since filling large voids with mortar and crushed stone can lead to settlement of the vault or arch and their destruction.

The laying of the vault should begin from the edges, from both heels at the same time, moving towards the middle of the vault or towards the castle. The bricks need to be fitted tightly, so that they almost touch each other on the side of the firebox.

The seams between them must be directed to one point or to the center from which the curve of the arch or vault is described.

The last thing to be inserted into the row of masonry of a vault or arch is a castle brick, greased on both sides with clay mortar. It is advisable to strike only with a log or a mallet, since an ordinary hammer can split the brick.

Master's advice. During work, the accuracy of the formwork installation must be constantly checked and adjusted by driving wedges between it and the furnace walls. The finished vault should be left in the formwork for several days, after which it can be disassembled, gradually removing the wedges. The circles are taken out last.

Smoke channels

The top of the chimneys above the canopy is laid out at a height of 9 brick rows. In this case, the upper part of the partition (3 rows), from the first to the second channel, is not fully closed. Flue gases will subsequently circulate inside this niche. The third smoke channel between the last and penultimate brick row is decorated with a gate valve.

Advantages

When the layout is well thought out taking into account a specific heating system, the installation of the stove practically does not depend on the building material from which the home is built. It is suitable for both wooden and brick houses. Its advantage is that there is always a wide choice of fuel for heating premises: coal, peat, firewood, even cardboard and dry tree branches. The user himself decides what to heat with, what is more accessible and costs less.

Layout of a house with a stove 6×9 meters

The ability of a stove to create a cozy and comfortable atmosphere is well known. Thanks to this quality, no other heating system can compare with it. It’s nice to sit with a book by the stove, inhale the smell of resinous wood and listen to its quiet crackling. This is reminiscent of distant times, shrouded in romance. In addition to these advantages, the stove can be equipped so that it becomes an original addition to the interior.

The Russian stove gives the room a special charm. In terms of heat capacity, nothing can compare with it. It is able to accumulate heat and then gradually release it, maintaining constant coziness and comfort in the hut. In the past, it performed a cooking and heating function. Today it is quite rare.

Only those who like the rustic design style of the house will decide to decorate their apartments with it. True, there are no more stove makers who don’t need a drawing to build one.

The century of technological progress has made its own adjustments. Today, it is common to have a house with a stove that runs not only on solid fuel, but also on electricity, gas, and fuel oil. But the most affordable heating material is still firewood.