Tichelman loop heating system: diagram and calculation

Diagram of a heating system for a Tichelmann loop house

Basically, it is planned to lay the heating pipeline under the floor covering in tunnels, covered in thermal insulation shells, so as not to destroy the structure due to overheating. Floors are made either on joists, or a thick screed underfloor heating is laid. Mainly flexible piping is used, elbow fittings are not used.

In modern houses, the Tichelman loop loses its main drawback - the difficulty of laying a closed circle on the distributor. Can be easily used in small and large areas, when installed under the floor. Recently, in-floor convectors under high windows have been increasingly used.

One of the most popular types of heating systems in our time is the so-called Tichelman loop. This scheme is quite simple, but when performing wiring in this case, of course, you need to adhere to a certain technology. Before installing such a system, you should definitely draw up a detailed project, making all the necessary calculations. The Tichelmann loop heating circuit is actually very simple. In this case, the supply pipe is pulled in the usual way - that is, from the boiler to the last radiator.

The Tichelman loop will be a suitable circuit for connecting convectors, more economical and stable compared to a beam circuit with a large number of more than 4 pieces. Private houses are always of a compressed layout, there are no long lines to heating devices - increased hydraulic resistance is not found in the diagrams.

Recommendations to make calculations of the heating system are unnecessary, since it will not be possible to independently determine the exact heat loss of the building, and the equipment used is standard; all that remains is to choose the appropriate one from a couple of samples.

To determine the diameter of the pipes for the Tichelman loop, you can use tabular data depending on the diameter on the required energy. With heat loss up to 15 kW m sq.

Application area

They are also used for the main lines in most cases - up to about 8 radiators in a ring. With heat losses from 15 to 27 kW to sq. m. The diameter of the pipeline in the loop can be reduced in accordance with the calculation. And with the condition stated above.

What is the system and how is it installed

In any case, a minimum diameter of 16 mm is laid to the last radiator along the supply. For heated area up to sq. m. It is advisable to make a common riser and lay a separate Tichelman loop ring for each floor

It is important to take into account that energy losses for each floor will differ significantly; in accordance with this, radiators are selected, as well as pipe diameters

Separate schemes in floors will allow you to balance one floor relative to another and significantly simplify system setup

It’s just important not to forget to include a balancing valve in the ride circuit for each floor.

Disadvantages of the scheme

• Heating according to the Tichelman scheme is not a cheap pleasure; the system requires a fairly long length of pipelines, so for the sake of convenience you will have to pay a certain amount. This is the most significant disadvantage;
• Laying a heating system according to such a scheme causes many problems due to interfering architectural features of the premises (doorways, for example). It is because of this moment that the Tichelman loop can be impossible to lay;
• This scheme is drawn horizontally. When laying the heating system vertically, you will have to use other schemes.

How to calculate the required pipe diameter?

Naturally, in the process of designing a heating system diagram in a specific architectural object, it is necessary to decide what the diameter of the pipes in the structure should be. In this case, the calculation of general heat and power indicators is assumed. This must be done first, since otherwise the installation of heating will be difficult. So, in the process of determining the diameter of the pipes, we calculate the power of the structure. It is necessary to determine the following parameters in advance:

• volume of the house;
• temperature difference indoors and in the environment;
• standard heat loss coefficient, which in turn directly depends on how insulated the architectural volume as a whole is.

Scheme of a two-pipe system
Regarding the coefficient, there are already predetermined numbers that depend on the degree of thermal insulation of the architectural object. So, if there is minimal thermal insulation or it is completely absent, then the coefficient is 3 or 4. In the case of facing a building with brick, this indicator varies in the range from 2 to 2.9. Assuming an average level of heat insulation in the premises, a coefficient with a value of about 1.8 is proposed. In conclusion, it is worth saying that if the house is insulated with high-quality building materials, and also provided that double-glazed windows and modern doors have been installed at all entrances to the building, the heat loss coefficient is minimal - no more than 0.9.

After the calculations described above, it is necessary to determine at what speed the coolant will move through the pipes. The traditional range of values ​​for this parameter is from 0.36 to 0.7 meters per second. Experts call these frameworks optimal. As a rule, pipe diameters around 26 millimeters are most suitable for both the return and supply lines. To connect radiators to the system, experts recommend using 16-millimeter pipes.

Pipes and pumps for associated circuit

Reinforced polypropylene with a diameter of 2 cm for heating an area over 150 square meters.
m Since buildings in the private sector are characterized by a compact layout and the absence of long main routes to heating, high hydraulic resistance is uncharacteristic for such systems. To determine what diameter pipelines should have, you can use a table describing the relationship of this parameter with the required energy.

Two-pipe system

In small rooms (150 m2 or less), heat loss does not exceed 15 kW. In this case, it is recommended to choose products with an internal diameter of 2 cm and connect a 25-40 pump. In structures that heat large areas, where 15-30 kW is spent, an indicator of 25 mm is used in main tracks. For loop configurations and branches it is slightly reduced. To connect the radiator elements and supply to the last of them, use a minimum parameter value of 16 mm. A 25-60 pump is suitable for this installation.

Traditionally used heating schemes

1. Single-pipe. The coolant circulates through one pipe without the use of pumps. On the main line, radiator batteries are connected in series; from the very last, the cooled medium (“return”) is returned to the boiler through a pipe. The system is simple to implement and economical due to the need for fewer pipes. But the parallel movement of flows leads to a gradual cooling of the water; as a result, the media arrives at the radiators located at the end of the series chain significantly cooled. This effect increases with increasing number of radiator sections. Therefore, in rooms located near the boiler it will be excessively hot, and in remote ones it will be cold. To increase heat transfer, the number of sections in the batteries is increased, different pipe diameters are installed, additional control valves are installed, and each radiator is equipped with bypasses.
2. Two-pipe. Each radiator battery is connected in parallel to the direct supply of hot coolant and the “return” pipes. That is, each device is equipped with an individual return outlet. With the simultaneous discharge of cooled water into the common circuit, the coolant is returned to the boiler for heating. But at the same time, the heating of heating devices gradually decreases as they move away from the heat supply sources. The radiator, located first in the network, receives the hottest water and is the first to return the coolant to the “return” circuit, and the radiator located at the end receives the coolant last with a lower heating temperature and is also the last to return water to the return circuit. In practice, in the first device the circulation of hot water is the best, and in the last the worst. It is worth noting the increased price of such systems compared to single-pipe systems.

Both schemes are justified for small areas, but are ineffective for extended networks.

An improved two-pipe heating scheme is the Tichelman heating scheme. When choosing a specific system, the determining factors are the availability of financial capabilities and the ability to provide the heating system with equipment that has the optimal required characteristics.

Heating with vertical installation for a multi-storey building

This scheme involves placing the pipes vertically, by installing risers that supply heat to the radiators. In this case, heating devices installed on different floors of the building are connected in series.

It uses natural circulation of water in the absence of a circulation pump. Hot water is supplied through the riser from the boiler to the top point, passes into the supply line, heating devices, moves along the supply risers, giving off heat to the radiators.

Pipe system

Both the upper and lower wiring of the Tichelman loop are usually performed with PPR pipes. If concealed piping is required, a PEX system with push-on fittings is recommended. If pipes are laid in dense foundations, a thermal insulation shell should be used.

The Tichelman heating system for a one-story house is extremely simple. The coolant supply pipeline runs from the heating unit along the entire radiator network. The nominal diameter of the pipe is maintained until the penultimate radiator in the row, after which a transition is made to the radiator connection diameter, usually 20 mm polypropylene or 16 mm PEX. The return current pipeline is laid in the same order, but towards the supply, that is, the first radiator in the direction of the hot coolant flow is connected with a reduced diameter.

If the Tichelman system is installed on several floors, installation of a vertical riser is required. The main supply pipe follows to the highest point, from where a branch is made to supply the upper floor. After this, the main turns downwards, and in this section the supply is inserted for all lower floors. The common return current pipeline is made by analogy with a two-pipe system with counter-movement of the coolant, that is, it simply acts as a collection line.

The diameter of the pipes for the Tichelman loop is calculated using general methods of thermal engineering calculations, based on the selection of the optimal Kvs value of the main pipes. In this case, it is desirable that as the coolant moves, there is no stepwise reduction in the nominal flow rate, otherwise the natural balancing of the system will not be as good. In systems with a length of distribution pipelines of up to 120 m, the optimal nominal diameter of the main pipes is at least 270 mm2, and for radiator connection pipes - about 130 mm2.

Radiator fittings

You can often come across the opinion that a two-pipe heating system with a parallel movement of coolant does not require radiators to be equipped with control valves. It is believed that this fact allegedly neutralizes the additional costs of additional pipes and fittings for them. However, correct operation of radiators in this case is hardly possible.

Thermostatic heads for radiators in the Tichelman system must be installed. Without them, there is no way to individually configure radiators in different rooms, which is not very comfortable under changing climatic conditions. As for balancing valves (throttles), the debate is especially heated on this subject. As mentioned above, even with the parallel movement of the coolant, there is a pressure drop across the radiators. With proper calculation of the system, this phenomenon can be compensated for by varying the number of sections in the radiators of different zones. However, if there is even a minimal risk of error, it is better to install control valves on at least the first few radiators at each end.

The Tichelmann loop can also be balanced using static adjustment methods. We are talking about the so-called “washing”. If the coefficients of local resistance are predetermined by hydraulic calculations, the control valves can be replaced with inserts that lower the nominal diameter by a certain amount. Among the simplest options, we can offer self-made ring seals with different internal diameters, which are installed in the threaded connection points of radiators.

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Two-pipe associated heating system - Calculation - Tichelman loop

If a Tichelmann loop heating system is used for a two-story house with an increased capacity pump integrated into the system, care must be taken to eliminate noise when the pump operates. Tichelman's scheme is quite simple.

In a classic two-pipe scheme, the return heating line starts from the last radiator and ends with the boiler, and the supply starts from the boiler and ends with the last radiator. It turns out that the first radiator from the boiler is the first on the supply and the last on the return, respectively, the last radiator is the last on the supply, but the first on the return.

This is a kind of direct-flow system in which the coolant in the supply and return heating mains moves in the same direction. First of all, we note the balance of the system and the absence of the need to install various adjustment equipment, which is quite expensive. At the same time, the coolant flow throughout the entire system is the same, and the operation of the heat-generating equipment is optimal and characterized by high efficiency.

The disadvantages of Tichelman’s scheme include the need to use additional pipes and preferably large diameter ones, which means additional costs. Moreover, the architectural features of a private house do not always allow the installation of an open heating system with three pipes.

For example, the installation of a heating system of this type may be hampered by doorways and a number of other architectural forms. Therefore, it is not always possible to organize a circular movement of the intermediate coolant in a two-pipe heating system of a private house.

We also note that in most cases, when installing reversible return heating systems according to the Tichelman scheme, horizontal wiring is used. In terms of other characteristics and the heating equipment and heat generators used, the Tichelman loop does not differ from its two-pipe analogues.

Heating systems in which the coolant is transported through a two-pipe passing circuit are called the Tichelman loop. The main features of the schemes are the absence of balancing work and operational stability. Let's consider the technical indicators, the design of the thermal main, the possibility of application and formation with your own hands. You should understand the advantages and disadvantages of the heating scheme and calculate the costs before choosing a connection of this type for private mansions.

You are misleading those who are trying to find the correct answers on heating systems on your website. The presented diagram of a Tichelman loop, by definition, is not one. The main advantage of the Tichelman loop is that the lengths of the direct and return sections for all radiators of the circuit must be the same relative to the boiler and pump, which guarantees equal hydraulic conditions for all radiators. This is NOT in your scheme.

Returning a return line with a large diameter in the backward direction, that is, actually laying three pipes, is not profitable. In small houses, it is generally easier and more profitable to lay pipelines along the walls in a dead-end pattern. Modern projects provide special solutions.... In the modern design of private houses, it is not uncommon to find additional doors to the terrace, to the garden, to unheated rooms, as well as high windows reaching to the floor.

Hanging pipes on walls is considered unacceptable and an element of the interior that does not correspond to modern ideas.

Application area

However, the temptation to avoid hydraulically adjusting the system should not lead to hasty, thoughtless decisions. The two-pipe associated system is characterized by high material consumption, therefore its installation is not justified in all cases.

Let's consider such a concept as the degree of “pressure” of a heating device when balancing a two-pipe return system. By lowering the nominal diameter at the connection point of the first few radiators, it is possible to reduce the coolant flow in them, thereby reducing the pressure drop so that sufficient pressure is maintained in subsequent sections of the network. If the radiator network consists of a large number of heating devices located at a great distance from each other, the flow on the initial radiators will have to be limited to such an extent that the flow through them will not be enough for normal heat release. This forces the use of pumps with higher productivity, which is why noticeable noise is generated when the coolant flows in individual units. In general, we can say that the installation of a two-pipe associated system is justified only when the number of radiators is more than 8–10 and the total length of the pipeline is more than 70 m.

The material consumption of the Tichelman system increases significantly if it is impossible to wrap the radiator network into a ring, that is, to position the heating pipeline strictly along the perimeter of the building. This is usually hampered by doorways and floor glazing fronts. In such cases, it is necessary to install an additional pipe through which the coolant will return to the boiler room, and since the total length of an arbitrary loop increases by at least half, it is necessary to increase the nominal diameter of the line or the performance of the pump. In principle, additional costs can be avoided by installing a collector (radial) system, but it is better to first perform a comparative calculation of material consumption.

Hydraulics data

The operation of the system, based on the Tichelman loop principle, is highly stable. This fact is clearly demonstrated by hydraulic calculation data, however, this requires compliance with a number of installation rules.

The main functional element of such a system remains the hydraulic pump. It creates pressure at the outlet, that is, at the supply, and a vacuum at the inlet, the return. Numerically, the magnitude of both values ​​decreases with distance from the pump, and the pressure drop does not occur linearly, it is described by the quadratic value of the dynamic pressure. This pattern can be traced for both the supply branch and the return branch; the fall can be conventionally described using the example of a 100 m long pipeline:

These are averaged data, but even from them it is clear that, despite the apparent uniformity, the pressure loss in the middle of the radiator network is slightly higher than at the edges. Indeed, due to the proportional change in pressure and vacuum in each radiator, an almost identical pressure drop is maintained in each heating device, however, for the correct and stable operation of the Tichelman loop, a number of rules must be followed, which will be discussed further.

Difficulty in operation

During operation, it is rarely possible to achieve the coolant speed and pressure required for maximum heat transfer. To organize reliable and correct operation, an acceleration manifold is installed. A vertical heating system in a multi-storey building does not have such difficulties, and, accordingly, can function at full efficiency without installing a pump, allowing the necessary natural pressure to be created due to the height. Despite the fact that systems without a pump have a right to exist, it is still recommended to provide a pump in the chain of a single-pipe horizontal heating system.

The acceleration manifold performs its main task - it accelerates the heated coolant for distribution through pipes and radiators and continuously maintains such acceleration. The efficiency of operation depends on the height of the upper part of the collector; the height of the loop of the accelerating collector must be more than 2.2 m. At this height, sufficient speed of coolant movement and quiet operation are ensured.

Technology for installing a Tichelman loop in a private home

The rules for forming a Tichelman heating scheme for a two-story house are simple:

• the main structural element is a hydraulic pump;
• a common heating riser is formed;
• each floor has its own loop;
• the diameter of pipes and batteries is selected separately for each floor;
• Install a balancing valve into the hitch circuit - on each individual floor.

Boiler piping

There is a distinction between open and closed two-pipe networks with associated coolant circulation. Since more than 10 radiators are connected, it is impossible to push the shoulder through gravitational forces, therefore a safety system consisting of an automatic air vent, a bleed valve and a water meter is installed at the outlet through the supply pipeline.

Scheme of a single-pipe heating system for a private house

The following are cut into the return circulation line:

• circulation pump, the power of which is determined in accordance with the hydraulic resistance of the network;
• a mesh dirt filter is integrated in front of the pump;
• after the pumping equipment, a tee is inserted to connect the expansion tank and the lower point pressure gauge;
• a drain or filling pipe is cut into the installation area of ​​the safety group.

Pipeline piping

PPR pipes are selected for the upper and lower distribution. If the installation is hidden, a PEX pipeline with push-on fittings is purchased. If pipes are laid in dense foundations, a thermal insulation shell must be used.

Selection of pipeline cross-section:

1. The heat loss of a house of 150 m2 is no more than 15 kW - the cross-section of the internal tunnel is no more than 20 mm. Such pipes are used for internal mains of the network with batteries of up to 8 units. The pump is selected 25-40.
2. The heat loss of a house with an area of ​​250 m2 is in the range of 15-27 kW - pipe cross-section up to 25 mm, pump 25-60.

Armature

In order for the Tichelman system to work properly in a two-story house, it is equipped with shut-off valves, which allow you to set the temperature in each room.

A statistical adjustment method using inserts instead of control valves will help balance the loop. Inserts reduce the nominal diameter by a specified amount. Install o-ring seals at the threaded connection point of the radiator. It is easy to make seals in the form of rings from a piece of dense rubber.

Boiler room piping

A two-pipe system with a parallel movement of coolant can be either open or closed. As we have already said, the main functioning element is the pump, so its installation cannot be avoided. You should not count on natural circulation even with properly organized upper pipe distribution. As we have already said, a typical Tichelman loop contains 10 or more radiators; it is unlikely to push through such an arm only by gravitational movement.

At the boiler supply outlet, a traditional safety “troika” is installed: an automatic air vent, a bleed valve and a pressure gauge. For open systems, the supply outlet must be organized in a vertical channel up to the height of the slope; an open expansion tank is installed at the highest point. Next, the supply pipe is sent directly to the distribution network.

One circulation pump is installed on the boiler return, the performance of which is determined by the hydraulic resistance of the entire system. Directly in front of the pump there is a strainer, and immediately after the pump there is a tee for connecting the expansion tank and a pressure gauge for the lower point. The filling pipe is also located in this place.

The shut-off valves of the boiler room are represented by full bore ball valves, which are installed:

• on both sides of the pump
• at the outlet of the expansion tank
• on the filling pipe
• at the points where the boiler is connected to the mains

Additionally, a connecting bypass tube can be installed in the boiler room, into the gap of which an electric normally closed valve is mounted, which is activated when the circulation stops. The bypass must be inserted before the circulation pump: the bypass is designed to protect against temperature shock and it bypasses the boiler heat exchanger from the main line, and not vice versa.

The Tichelman system is also good because, with a relatively high power radiator network, it is possible to operate from a boiler with a built-in set of hydraulic equipment. However, if it is necessary to coordinate the operation of the radiator network and the heated floor, each arm of the system is equipped with its own circulation pump. If the performance in the shoulders differs significantly, it is necessary to install a hydraulic arrow.

Installation

The installation process of the Tichelman heating system consists of the following steps:

1. First, the boiler is installed. In order to place it indoors, the minimum height from floor to ceiling must be 2.5 m, the permissible volume of the room is 8 m³. In order to find out the required power of the unit, you need to perform a calculation (examples can be found in specialized reference publications). To heat 10 m² you will need approximately 1 kW of power.
2. The next stage is hanging the radiator sections. Initially, you need to determine how many radiators you need, then you need to mark their location (usually they are placed under window openings) and fasten them using special brackets.
3. Next, we move on to the stage of stretching the line of the associated heating system. It is best to use metal-plastic pipes, which cope well with high temperatures and will also delight owners with a long service life and ease of installation. The main pipelines (supply and return) are from 20 to 26 mm and 16 mm for connecting radiators.
4. Installation of a circulation pump. It should be installed on the return pipe as close to the boiler as possible. It needs to be inserted through a bypass with three taps. There must be a special filter in front of the pump. This requirement should not be neglected, since it has a direct impact on the service life of the equipment.
5. Installation of an expansion tank and elements that are responsible for the safe operation of the equipment. For a heating system with a passing coolant movement, only membrane expansion tanks are suitable. Safety group elements are included with the boiler.

If you are planning to use the Tichelman scheme for a two-story house, then there is a special technology.

Pipe routing is carried out by tying the entire building, and not each floor separately. You should also install one circulation pump on each floor and leave unchanged the equal lengths of the return and supply pipelines for each radiator separately in accordance with the basic requirements of an associated two-pipe heating system. If you install one pump, then if it breaks down, the heating system in the entire house will become inactive.

Many experts consider it expedient to install a common riser on two floors with separate piping on each floor. In this way, you can take into account the difference in heat loss on each floor and select the required pipe diameters, as well as the required number of sections in the batteries.

A separate associated heating circuit on the floors will make setting up the system much easier, and will also allow for optimal balancing of the heating of the entire building. However, here you will need to embed a balancing valve into the hitch circuit for each floor. The taps can be placed one next to the other directly next to the boiler.

The popularity and widespread use of the Tichelman heating scheme is fully justified; many positive reviews from satisfied home owners using a similar scheme are direct confirmation.

Volume of water in the system

Of course, in order for the Tichelman loop heating system to work efficiently, before installing it, you should also calculate the required coolant flow. To determine this parameter, you must first calculate the heat loss of the building. This can be done using the formula G = S * 1 / Po * (Tv - Tn)k. Here Po is the heat transfer resistance, Tv and Tn are the air temperature outside and in the house, k is the reduction factor. The first and last indicators are determined from tables depending on the design features of the building. Actually, the coolant flow itself is calculated using the formula Q = G/(c*(T1-T2)), where:

• c is the specific heat capacity of water (4200),
• T1 is its return temperature,
• T2 - in the supply pipe.

The last two parameters are determined taking into account the nonlinearity of heat transfer from radiators. Ultimately, the difference between their values ​​should be approximately 15-20 C.

Algorithm for performing installation work

The installation of a two-pipe associated heating system is carried out in accordance with a certain algorithm, where the initial stage is the selection of pipe diameters, and the final stage is the installation of a circulator pump.

Calculation of pipeline diameter

There is a scientifically based method of calculation. The cross-section of the pipe is selected based on the volume of coolant passing through the pipe per unit time. The calculation starts from the distant radiator using the formula:

G=3600×Q/(c×Δt), (1)

where: G – water consumption for heating the house (kg/h);

Q is the thermal power required for heating (kW);

c – heat capacity of water (4.187 kJ/kg×°C);

Δt is the temperature difference between the hot and cold coolant, taken equal to 20 °C.

Next, calculate the cross-section of the pipes using the formula:

S=GV/(3600×v), (2)

where: S is the cross-sectional area of ​​the pipe (m2);

GV – volumetric water flow (m3/h);

v is the speed of water movement, is in the range of 0.3−0.7 m/s.

The resulting figure is the cross-section; based on it, the internal diameter of the pipeline is selected.

This calculation is carried out for all radiators up to the boiler.

When calculating, you can also rely on the table of the dependence of the internal diameter of the pipe on the thermal load.

Table of dependence of the internal diameter of the pipe on the thermal load

The following guidelines can be taken into account:

1. For heat losses of up to 15 kW (150 sq. m.) of area, pipes with a diameter of 20 mm are suitable.
2. For losses from 15 to 27 kW (up to 250 square meters), pipes with a diameter of at least 25 mm will be required.

Carrying out calculations using the given formulas or hydraulic tables is a difficult task for the homeowner, so you can rely on the recommended pipe diameters.

The diameter of the pipeline must be the same throughout its entire length to ensure stable operation of the batteries. The recommended minimum internal diameter of pipes is 20 mm.

The following conditions must be met:

• Place pipes under the floor covering to avoid high-rise contours. If this is not possible, then you need to take into account the configuration of the house and strive as much as possible for the same height of pipe laying.
• Pipe material is metal-plastic or polypropylene reinforced with aluminum foil. Such pipes are stronger and will last a long time.
• Radiators are installed bimetallic or steel with a bottom connection system. Such batteries have higher hydraulic resistance, which balances the system. The power of the radiators should be the same throughout the entire area of ​​the house.
• Each battery is equipped with a balancing valve on the return line. It is advisable to install thermostats.

Boiler installation

The room where the boiler is installed must have a height of at least 2.5 m. The volume of the room is recommended from 8 cubic meters. The hot water boiler must be selected depending on the area of ​​the heated house. Boiler power for heating is 10 kW. m is equal to 1 kW. Based on this, the power for the entire system is selected.

The boiler piping consists of a set of shut-off valves; it is installed in several places:

1. On the make-up pipe.
2. On both sides of the pump.
3. At the expansion tank.
4. On the pipes coming from the boiler.

Mainline pulling

When installing the associated heating system distribution line, the following must be taken into account:

• The outlet branch of the main line must be located below the supply branch.
• The heat supply and heat removal pipes must be parallel to each other.
• The expansion tank must be installed above the heating boiler.
• Valves for draining water must be installed on the connecting radiators. It is recommended to install a thermostatic head on each radiator to ensure a comfortable temperature.
• When laying the pipeline, right angles are excluded to avoid the occurrence of air locks in the system.
• The expansion tank must be installed in a heated room.
• All diameters of pipes, fittings and taps must match each other. You cannot install pipes of different diameters in an attempt to save money. The water pressure in the system will be disrupted.

Installing a circulation pump

It is unreasonable to rely on natural circulation, since there are 10 or more batteries in the associated heating system. Gravity will not be able to work without forced pressure. The circulation pump is installed on the return branch near the boiler. The pump is installed using a bypass and three valves. It is recommended to install a filter.

A circulation pump is installed on each floor

The associated heating system is installed in one-story and two-story buildings. In two-story buildings, during installation you need to take into account some nuances:

• A circulation pump is installed on each floor. If a breakdown occurs on one floor, the heating will work fully on the other.
• For each floor it is recommended to install according to a separate scheme.

Nuances of arrangement

Basic rules for assembling a system

Installation of single-pipe heating has a number of features. Below I will tell you about the basic rules:

• In the case of horizontal distribution with natural circulation, it is necessary to install pipes with a slope of at least 5 mm per linear meter of pipe. Otherwise, air pockets will occur and interfere with the normal operation of the heating;
• if a gravity system is planned, i.e. without a pump, the accelerating manifold must be at a height of at least one and a half meters above all heating devices;
• if the system is made of metal-plastic or polypropylene pipes, they must be securely fixed to prevent deflections. Otherwise, air pockets will form in the pipeline.

The circulation pump must be installed in front of the boiler, since it can operate at a coolant temperature of no more than 40 degrees Celsius. True, you can use a special heat-resistant pump, however, its price is higher - more than 10,000 rubles.

An example of correct battery wiring

How does a dead-end heating system work?

A dead-end circuit is a two-pipe space heating device in which, as can be seen from the figure above, the hot coolant is supplied to each radiator through one pipe (supply), and leaves the radiators and goes to the boiler through another pipe (return). Moreover, in this scheme, the movement of the coolant through the supply and return pipes occurs in the opposite direction, while in other (not single-pipe) schemes the liquid moves in one direction. This is a very common option for connecting heating devices, and not only radiators - these can be cast iron or bimetallic batteries, or homemade registers.

Although single-pipe heating can be implemented using a dead-end scheme, this solution is unpopular due to its low heat transfer efficiency and complexity of implementation. The implementation of a dead-end single-pipe scheme is shown below - if the house is designed for 2 or three floors, then, in addition to the standard safety group, you will have to install risers and install an air vent or Mayevsky valve on each radiator. This is an expensive scheme, so it is not often accepted for execution.

An indirect advantage of the dead-end circuit is that it can be used both for heating with forced circulation of coolant, and for solutions with gravitational movement of liquid in pipes. For energy-independent heating of a private house, a system with natural circulation is becoming increasingly popular, so do not forget about the dead-end scheme with top pipe routing in this case.

In any case, with a single-circuit or double-circuit scheme, the following is obvious for the dead-end option: the more radiators connected to the pipe, the slower all subsequent heating devices will warm up. Therefore, it is advisable to divide the entire system into several branches so that each branch has no more than 5-6 radiators. This solution is relevant for both natural and forced coolant movement schemes.

In practice, the advantage of a dead-end scheme is obvious: simple calculations, a simple level of installation, a minimum number of shut-off valves and fittings, and the low cost of the entire project. If we compare with such popular solutions as a two-pipe system with a parallel movement of liquid and with a beam circuit (with a collector), then in terms of compliance with the laws of hydraulics, they are clearly better than a dead-end system - the coolant moves faster, there is no oncoming movement, the radiators warm up evenly and at the same speed. But often it is the efficiency of the dead-end option that wins, especially for heating a house with a small total heated area.

The horizontal scheme with dead-end wiring has a variation where a central highway is used. This scheme can be implemented as a pipeline hidden in the floor or wall, which appeals to all homeowners without exception, since a hidden pipeline does not require redesign, remodeling or changing the interior of the premises.

When installing a hidden pipeline, for example, when embedding pipes in a concrete floor screed or in grooves in walls, pipes should not be steel, but metal-plastic without joints or polymer with a connection using a fixed sleeve or welding to prevent the possibility of leakage. The only problem when laying a hidden pipeline is its correct and beautiful exit from the wall or from under the floor. You should also avoid any intersections of pipes in a hidden installation option. To avoid intersections, use a cross. When connecting a pipe to a radiator using a crosspiece, you can bend the pipes of the central line without protruding beyond the installation plane.

Also, the implementation of a dead-end system with a central mainline opens up the possibility of connecting other schemes to heating: a “warm floor” system or heated towel rails. Such units are connected using a special mixing module, which includes a circulation pump, mixing taps and temperature sensors. The mixing module makes the operation of the connected modules independent of the main heating circuit, and any number of new connected circuits will not affect the operation of the main circuit.

Advantages and disadvantages

The disadvantage is the need to lay pipes in a screed due to the presence of barriers around the perimeter of the room.
The advantages of installations of this type include uniform heating of the entire network and the ability to regulate heat transfer by radiators. The circuit is reliable; failures rarely occur in it, especially when compared with the operation of other systems with a large number of heating elements. This makes it a good option for use in a private home.

The main disadvantage of the design is the limitations associated with the internal features of the premises. The scheme involves walking around the perimeter of the building and returning to the boiler. In many buildings it is not easy to organize this - doors, flights of stairs and other obstacles prevent it. Also, installing thick pipes involves increasing the cost of the configuration.

Gravity option

Gravity heating scheme. Click on photo to enlarge.

It is the simplest and most primitive. Consequently, such a system is cheap and not too difficult to implement, since it depends on the layout of the home. But this is where its disadvantages lie. It is a large metal pipe connected to the boiler and passing throughout the house (this is a prerequisite), through which the coolant flows.

The disadvantage of this scheme is the need for massive pipes with a large cross-section in diameter, since installing thinner ones or adding batteries to the system leads to a decrease in heating efficiency due to a decrease in the water flow rate. In order to increase the efficiency of this heating system, not one, but two pipes are installed in the house, which causes even greater inconvenience to the residents.

Volume of water in the system

Of course, in order for the Tichelman loop heating system to work efficiently, before installing it, you should also calculate the required coolant flow. To determine this parameter, you must first calculate the heat loss of the building. This can be done using the formula G = S * 1 / Po * (Tv - Tn)k. Here Po is the heat transfer resistance, Tv and Tn are the air temperature outside and in the house, k is the reduction factor. The first and last indicators are determined from tables depending on the design features of the building. Actually, the coolant flow itself is calculated using the formula Q = G/(c*(T1-T2)), where:

• c is the specific heat capacity of water (4200),
• T1 is its return temperature,
• T2 - in the supply pipe.

The last two parameters are determined taking into account the nonlinearity of heat transfer from radiators. Ultimately, the difference between their values ​​should be approximately 15-20 C.

Choosing a location and method of installing a radiator

Options for connecting heating radiators depend on the general heating scheme in the house, the design features of heating devices and the method of laying pipes. The following methods of connecting heating radiators are common:

1. Lateral (unilateral). The inlet and outlet pipes are connected on one side, with the supply located at the top. The standard method for multi-storey buildings, when the supply is made from a riser pipe. In terms of efficiency, this method is not inferior to the diagonal one.
2. Lower. In this way, bimetallic radiators with a bottom connection or a steel radiator with a bottom connection are connected. The supply and return pipes are supplied from below on the left or right side of the device and are connected through the lower radiator connection unit with union nuts and shut-off valves. The union nut is screwed onto the lower radiator pipe. The advantage of this method is that the main pipes are hidden in the floor, and heating radiators with bottom connections fit harmoniously into the interior and can be installed in narrow niches.

1. Diagonal. The coolant enters through the upper inlet, and the return is connected from the opposite side to the lower outlet. The optimal type of connection ensures uniform heating of the entire battery area. In this way, correctly connect a heating battery whose length exceeds 1 meter. Heat loss does not exceed 2%.
2. Saddle. The supply and return are connected to the lower holes located on opposite sides. It is used primarily in single-pipe systems when no other method is possible. Heat loss as a result of poor coolant circulation in the upper part of the device reaches 15%.

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When choosing a location for installation, several factors are taken into account to ensure the correct operation of heating devices. Installation is carried out in places least protected from the penetration of cold air, under window openings. It is recommended to install a battery under each window. The minimum distance from the wall is 3-5 cm, from the floor and window sill - 10-15 cm. With smaller gaps, convection worsens and the battery power drops.

Typical mistakes when choosing an installation location:

• The place for installing control valves has not been taken into account.
• A small distance to the floor and window sill prevents full air circulation, as a result of which heat transfer is reduced and the room is not heated to the set temperature.
• Instead of several batteries located under each window and creating a thermal curtain, one long radiator is chosen.
• Installation of decorative grilles and panels that prevent the normal spread of heat.

Coolant circulation methods

Coolant circulation through pipelines occurs naturally or forcedly. The natural (gravity) method does not involve the use of additional equipment. The coolant moves due to changes in the characteristics of the liquid as a result of heating. The hot coolant entering the battery, cooling, acquires greater density and mass, after which it sinks down, and a hotter coolant takes its place. Cold water from the return flow flows by gravity into the boiler and displaces the already heated liquid. For normal operation, the pipeline is installed at a slope of at least 0.5 cm per linear meter.

Scheme of coolant circulation in the system using pumping equipment

For forced supply of coolant, the installation of one or more circulation pumps is required. The pump is installed on the return pipe in front of the boiler. The heating operation in this case depends on electrical power, but has significant advantages:

• The use of small diameter pipes is allowed.
• The line can be installed in any position, vertically or horizontally.
• Requires less coolant volume.

Acceptable complications during installation

If the heating pipes have the same diameter and the heating devices are placed at the same height, in most cases there will be no problems during or after installation.

Problems may arise if the order of the installation process is not followed:

• Low-quality soldering of polypropylene pipes leads to a narrowing of the pipe diameter.
• Installation of radiators made of various materials and different capacities will upset the balance of the system.
• Lack of balancing valves to equalize hydraulic pressure.
• Placement of a highway branch with a height difference.
• Incorrect pump selection. The pressure must be at least 0.2 kgf/cm2.
• The use of pipes of different diameters can lead to imbalance of the system and difficulty in passing the coolant.

A dual-circuit heating system is recommended for heating single-story houses. It does not require complicated calculations, balancing or special installation methods. The cost of such a system is more expensive than the classic one, but this is offset by durability and ease of operation. Moreover, the owner of the house can install this type of system on his own, without using complicated engineering solutions, materials and tools.

The main advantages of using boiler cascades

Most of the advantages listed below can be attributed not only to condensing boilers, but we will separately pay attention to what specifically distinguishes this type of equipment within the framework of the relevant topic

Increasing the overall power modulation range

As noted above, the main reason for installing several boilers in a cascade is to increase the maximum power of the boiler room while limiting the performance of an individual unit. From this point of view, any boilers are, one might say, in an equal position.

At the same time, we should not forget that modern heat supply systems are subject to increased requirements in terms of energy efficiency. And one of the main principles in ensuring this principle is to ensure that the current power of heat generators is equal to the needs of the system, no more and no less. Accordingly, the lower limit of boiler room performance modulation also plays an important role. The use of a cascade helps to significantly reduce this limit. It is also worth remembering that for mid-latitudes, for most of the year, the need for heat is no more than 30-40% of the maximum.

When using identical heat generators in a cascade, the lower power limit is determined simply by dividing the minimum productivity of an individual boiler by their number. And here it is easy to see how condensing boilers stand out in a favorable light. The minimum modulation for the most modern wall-mounted boilers is approximately 15%. Accordingly, using, for example, four such boilers, we obtain a total range of stepless modulation of 4-100%. Moreover, unlike traditional boilers, the efficiency of condensing boilers only increases with a decrease in modulation.

Ensuring a high level of boiler room resiliency

A fairly obvious advantage. The greater the number of boilers in a cascade, the lower the drop in total power when a separate heat generator fails and is serviced.

Ease of installation and maintenance of equipment

Regardless of the total capacity of the boiler room, we are often faced with limitations on the available space both during design and installation.

Convenience for installers and maintenance organizations lies in the ease of delivery of a separate boiler to the place of direct installation at any stage. This is especially true for rooftop boiler houses, where if it is necessary to replace the heat generator (albeit extremely unlikely), its lightness and compactness can play a critical role. In this context, you should also not forget about the previous paragraph of this section.

Possibility of consistent increase in boiler room power

An increasingly used option in recent years that allows investments to be distributed over various stages of construction.

Cascade solutions allow you to sequentially add capacity to an existing system. Naturally, the hydraulic part must provide for the possibility of such expansion.

Article: Cascade solutions for HL floor-standing boilers

Main types of heating

A single-pipe heating system delivers coolant from the boiler to the first radiator, from which the somewhat cooled coolant flows into the next one, and so on down the chain. By reducing the temperature from radiator to radiator, the coolant returns back to the boiler. As a result, the first radiators in the chain have the highest temperature, and the last ones, accordingly, are the coldest. They are trying to solve this problem by installing additional control valves on radiators and changing the diameter of the pipes, equipping bypasses and increasing the size of the batteries at the end in order to increase heat transfer. A single-pipe system is economical to purchase and install, since not many pipes and other consumables are required, which means the installation price will also be lower. However, in large buildings, where the installation of a large number of radiators is required, this scheme neutralizes the efficiency of the best and most economical boilers, forcing them to work at maximum, and at the same time still receiving dramatically cooled coolant and cold radiators in the “return” in some of the heated rooms.

A two-pipe system provides for the simultaneous supply of hot coolant from the boiler through a common “hot” pipe (manifold) individually to each of the radiators. In this case, each radiator with its individual “output” is connected not to the next radiator, but to another pipe - the “return”, to which the “outputs” of all other radiators are connected. Thus, the cooled coolant is simultaneously “collected” from each of these radiators into a common circuit that returns the coolant back to the boiler for heating. Theoretically, this allows each radiator to receive coolant of the same high temperature, and instead of transferring it, already slightly cooled, to the next radiator, immediately send it to the “return”.

However, a number of problems arose in the practical implementation of this scheme. First of all, in a classic two-pipe system, the first radiator receiving the coolant was the first and the “return” to the “return”, and the last radiator that received the coolant also became the last on the “return” too. The scheme actually turned out to be a dead end, and the best coolant circulation occurred on the first radiator, and the worst, predictably, on the last one - in a “dead end”. In the fight against this disadvantage, they combined different pipe diameters, installed pressure limiters, and increased the size of “dead-end” radiators, but they could not boast of a too significant improvement in results. In addition, a two-pipe system is noticeably more expensive and more difficult to install than a single-pipe system, both in terms of the number of pipes required, their different diameters, and the need to purchase various types of control valves.

Associated heating circuit - device, use, how to do it

The associated heating pipeline wiring diagram is distinguished by the fact that it is considered self-regulating. If it is assembled correctly, then there is no need to adjust it after installation work. Each radiator in this system should have the same pressure difference between supply and return. Each heating device in a parallel circuit does not stop operating under similar hydraulic conditions.

How does a ride work?

The same pressure difference across the batteries appears due to the fact that the sum of the supply and return lengths is the same for everyone. This can be seen with your own eyes in the diagram. Take any battery from the system, and estimate the total length of the supply and discharge pipelines to the boiler.

Those. all radiators are in similar conditions automatically, and this is actually what other circuits achieve through fine tuning and sometimes cannot achieve. For example, it is not easy to set up a radial circuit, where each battery is connected by a long pair of pipes to one collector. The lengths of such pipelines are varied, the heating devices mutually influence each other, so the system has to be carefully configured.

Pipe diameters

It would be nice if the diameter of the main pipeline (both supply and return) were the same throughout the entire ring, except for connecting the last heating device. Where from the point of branching to the penultimate one, you can use a smaller diameter, because this will no longer be a main line, but a branch to the final heating device in the circuit. Those. the final cut of both feed and return can be with a small diameter.

Maintaining one significant diameter of the lines is necessary to ensure equal conditions for heating devices. Those. so that this “ride” would be a balanced system, where all batteries work stably under the same conditions.

If you start to “play” with savings and reduce the diameter of the line as the liquid moves (after all, less is required with each branch), then it’s very easy to make, so that the group of last heating devices will always be colder, i.e. The system will be difficult to configure.

Similarly, for a small house with 6 - 8 heating appliances, a pipe wire with a diameter of 26 mm is laid from the boiler (external for metal-plastic, for polypropylene and other materials - other values), then to the penultimate appliance - 16 mm. On the contrary, for the return line - from the first battery 16 mm, then from the second - 26 mm ring to the boiler.

However, this is only an example for a small system, and if, for example, the house is large, then the main diameter may need to be much larger so that the pipe wire does not make noise at the end sections, so that the speed in it does not increase by 0.7 m/s. You can determine the required diameter by a simple choice based on the connected power; an example of the calculation can be found on this resource.

Is a ride always necessary?

The associated heating system is more expensive when compared with a dead-end heating system, by 20 percent. The high monetary expense is associated with the use of large-diameter pipes, and namely their connectors - tees on the branches of heating devices and adapters to a smaller diameter to which heating devices are connected.

In a dead-end circuit, the pipe diameters will be smaller, since the entire power is divided into 2 or more arms at the exit from the boiler.

The hitch becomes especially large when it is not possible to run pipes in a ring around the perimeter of the building - from the boiler outlet to its inlet. Then the return line has to be returned in the same way as the supply line.

A complex loop emerges from three pipelines for highways of decent thickness. This must be avoided and the ride changed to the simplest dead-end scheme under certain circumstances.

A simple transition to a dead-end system occurs when the number of heating devices is reduced to 10 or less. Then it becomes possible to balance the heating devices at dead ends and the shoulders themselves without particularly increasing the pump force.

If there are 3, 4 or even 5 heating devices in an arm, there is no problem with balancing all the heating devices and arms in a dead-end heat supply circuit.

And if the same ten heating devices have to be divided along the shoulders as 6 and 4, then it is better to make a self-adjusting ride, just as with 6 heating devices and unequal dead ends, you will have to unnecessarily increase the power of the pump and excessively “squeeze” the batteries located closer to it.

Complications when developing a passing heating system and its configuration

If, as recommended, the diameter of the pipelines is the same, and the heating devices are located on the same multi-story level, and also, if there is no too significant difference in the power of the heating devices, then there cannot be any difficulties with the operation of the system.

More precisely, any problems like “the 3rd heating device does not heat” appear only due to violations of the installation process. For example, polypropylene was soldered with sagging and overlapping diameter inside.

However, if the factors mentioned above that are negative for the operation of the system are present, then differences in the operation of heating devices may appear.

• The one placed higher will take in more heat carrier.
• An overly powerful one will not be able to develop it to its maximum, and when the pump flow increases, very small batteries will begin to make noise due to the high speed.
• Those connected with a reduced pipeline diameter (the final one does not count) most likely will not develop power, since the pressure on them will be less.

In general, the ride is a stable scheme, but “gentle” - you shouldn’t break the rules for its creation, and everything will work as expected.

The only question that remains is the combination of very powerful heating devices with others, because if this is not solved, then the system will be... not applicable at all.

It may be that in the greenhouse we need one heating device of 5 kW, and in the toilet - 0.5 kW. By adjusting the pump and pipe lines for a 5-kilowatt unit, we will apply a pressure that is very high for it to the battery in the toilet and excessively increase the speed through it.

And the solution to the power conflict is the same as in the shoulder circuit - balancing valves. They should, at a minimum, sit on very low-power batteries in a ride, protecting them from high pressure.

However, if heating devices are controlled by local thermal heads, then a situation is possible when some turn off, and some that remain in operation begin to make noise due to the increased flow. Because of this, it is best to install balancing valves on all heating devices at once when developing an associated heating circuit for a home.

One of the main questions remains: is it possible to assemble an associated heating system for a house with your own hands? Of course you can. However, it is necessary to pay great attention to mastering the following issues as well.

Selecting the type of pipes and their diameter, choosing heating devices by power, piping the boiler, piping the heating device, a good selection of connectors, installation options, techniques and problems with the selected pipeline, training in the installation process. As a rule, even beginners in the plumbing business assembled good, efficient heating systems from innovative materials. It is possible that this will continue to happen.

Inverter heating

Heating systems powered by electricity have many positive characteristics. The ease of installation of such equipment is that electricity is available in any building. In order to install inverter heating at home, you do not need to obtain permits. Also, the hyperinverter heating system saves space

Pay attention to the price. The cost of inverter heating equipment is significantly lower than other heating systems

The boiler can be replaced with an inverter, it is much cheaper.

How does DIY inverter heating work? Electricity enters the boiler through the heating element. Take care to protect equipment from damage and insulate the building to minimize heat loss. The operating principle of an inverter boiler is such that it constantly produces an induction current. In the event of a power outage, the boiler can operate on battery power. The boiler consists of two parts - the magnetic part and the heat exchanger.

Components of an inverter boiler

Why is an inverter boiler so good? Due to the fact that it does not have a heating element in its structure, this makes it more practical to use. Due to the fact that a pump is built into the system, the energy carrier warms up faster. There are no great requirements for fuel selection.

However, do not forget that with all the positive characteristics, you can also find disadvantages. An inverter boiler costs much more than a heating element. Also, the boiler itself is quite large and is not suitable for rooms with a small area. To set the set temperature or reduce the indicators, you need to build an automatic control system into the boiler.

Trust modern technology

It's no secret that in the era of modern technology, people can let machines and software handle many routine tasks. Obviously, a newcomer to the construction industry is not able to fully carry out all the necessary calculations, as well as create a full-fledged heating project for the house from scratch. Fortunately, developers have already created special programs, the use of which significantly simplifies the design and calculation process. Typically, software for the construction industry is quite expensive.

Meanwhile, many companies offer free versions of programs that have such limited functionality that the user becomes familiar with the basic capabilities of the product. Actually, for designing heating in a country house, such a free version of a software product may be quite enough.

Diagram of water lines in the heating system

One-pipe and two-pipe system, open and closed loop

In addition to the type of wiring and location of the riser, variations in heating schemes are also divided into single-pipe and double-pipe. Single-pipe schemes are quite rare: they are used mainly when designing large premises. They are almost never found in residential buildings.

Single pipe heating system

In a single-pipe system, there is no supply and return pipeline; the coolant circulates through one single pipe, which is divided in half only mentally, considering the first part, which delivers water from the boiler, to be the supply, and the remaining half of the pipe to be the return. In a single-pipe system, hot water heated in the boiler rises, displaced by the cold return flow and enters the heating devices through the wiring, flowing from one to another, cooling and returning to the boiler for heating. Pumping circulation helps the fluid flow properly through the circuit.

The main problem of the circuit is the loss of heat by the coolant: the water reaches the last battery barely warm. This problem is solved by installing a pump and more radiators as they move away from the boiler. It helps to save heat by installing pipes in such a way that the first radiators into which still-not-cooled water from the heating element enters are batteries located in the coolest rooms, which require large energy costs for heating.

Two-pipe heating system

Although single-pipe systems are cheaper, those consisting of two pipelines are more popular. One delivers hot water from the boiler to the radiators, and the second collects the return flow of the cooled coolant and transports it back to the boiler. A two-pipe associated heating system, like a two-pipe dead-end system, is distinguished by the fact that water enters all heating radiators at the same temperature, and the problem of uneven heating does not arise. You can install a thermostat on each heating element and regulate the heat supply, which allows you to further save on heating the room. The installation pipes are thinner and look neater, fitting more neatly into the interior.

The weaknesses of a two-pipe heating system include the need to install shut-off valves and a Mayevsky tap on each heating element. Dead-end and associated circuits Heating circuits are also divided according to the principle of coolant movement in them. The associated heating system involves the movement of water in the supply and return lines in the same direction. A dead-end heating system assumes that the water in the return line moves in the opposite direction to the supply.

A dead-end circuit is characterized by unequal lengths of the contour rings of the heating radiators. The farther the radiator is located from the riser, the longer the path the water travels, moving from the boiler to the radiator and back. The further the heating element is from the heating element, the longer its circuit. Associated heating scheme is a scheme where the maximum identity of the resistance value of the material is realized, and the length of the heating pipes forming the contour rings is the same. The voltage in the circuits is also the same, which makes the distribution of resistance throughout the heating system uniform and facilitates its balancing. The disadvantage of an associated heating system with pump circulation is a more significant cost, because you need to buy a larger number of pipes. In conclusion, it is worth remembering all the positive aspects of pump circuits, because of which they are preferred:

1. Such a system is launched in a short time
2. The circuit with the pump operates without losses, providing effective heating of the room
3. The pumps are durable and work without repair for a long time
4. The pump makes no noise and consumes little electricity

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Pumped circulation heating systems are very efficient. The advantages of heating systems with a pump outweigh the disadvantages.

Factors of expediency of choice

Modern heating systems are presented in both the domestic and global construction industry markets in a wide variety. However, each of the proposed design solutions is advisable to apply in some specific cases. If we consider specifically the Tichelman loop system, its installation is a rational decision if:

• you have a large house, the organization of heating in which involves the installation of a large number of radiators;
• it is possible to lay pipes exclusively around the perimeter of the rooms;
• you are ready to spend a relatively large amount of money on organizing heating in your house.

Above is the traditional minimum list of conditions, according to which the choice in favor of a “ride” is rational and justified. Thus, if the operation of a circular pump is determined by the influence of balancing, and there is no need to lay a three-pipe system with large loops, it is the associated circuit that will function optimally in your home.

Valve setting - diagram with dead-end coolant movement

Lower and upper wiring diagram of autonomous circulation

Based on the type of wiring, heating circuits are divided into structures with lower and upper wiring. With lower wiring, the supply line is laid at the bottom of the coolant flow diagram, like the return pipe. Both lines are located below the heating devices. This design has high hydraulic stability and is convenient in that it allows the vertical pipes of the risers to be moved outside the rooms. With this arrangement, all circuit regulators (valves, locking mechanisms) are located in one room, usually a basement or technical floor.

Bottom type of heating system pipe routing

Bottom distribution of heating pipes saves heat, because they are not installed in attics or ceiling spaces. The disadvantage of this type of heating is the need to install air bleed valves on each radiator, as well as constant air locks.

With the upper type of wiring, the pipeline with the coolant passes in the upper part of the heating circuit. Typically it is located in the attic or in the space between the ceiling and roof. Return pipes are installed below heating radiators. An expansion tank is placed at the highest point of the circuit. It regulates the pressure inside the structure and eliminates the occurrence of air congestion. This type of heating cannot be installed in a house where there is no roof slope. The disadvantage of the upper distribution is the negative gravitational pressure in the vertical pipes. This interferes with the flow of water and reduces hydraulic stability. With overhead wiring, it is impossible to drain the risers centrally.

In addition to the lower and upper wiring, there is also a mixed one: the supply line runs from above, and the return pipeline passes through the lower part of the heating structure. This approach is reasonable if a multi-storey building has its own autonomous boiler located under the roof.

Brief description of the “hitch ride”

It must be said right away that, purely from a structural point of view, the “hitch ride” is perhaps the simplest among the options proposed in the modern construction industry. The associated heating system involves drawing the supply pipe in the traditional way, that is, laying it directly from the boiler to the last radiator in the scheme. At the same time, there is a return pipe, which is installed as follows: it is extended to the heating device from the very first radiator. Due to the specifics of laying this type of wiring, the total length of the pipes that are connected to each battery is the same. In simple words: if a short supply pipe leads to the battery, then the outlet pipe will be quite long.

System diagram indicating capacities